IT Spending and Staffing Benchmarks 2023/2024—IT Budget and Cost Key Metrics by Industry and Company Size

Preparing a benchmark for IT spending or IT employee staffing levels can be a difficult exercise for any business. Our IT Spending and Staffing Benchmarks study makes the job easier by providing an IT spending framework with hundreds of ratios, statistics, and other IT cost metrics for strategic IT budget analytics. IT spending as a percent of revenue and dozens of other IT budget ratios are provided by industry and company size.

In this annual report, now in its 34th year, we provide IT budgetary benchmarks and IT staffing metrics by industry sector and organizational size for private and public companies and for governmental organizations, based on our annual, in-depth survey of over 210 information technology executives.

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Summary Chapters

Chapter 1: Executive Summary (Free Download)
Chapter 2: Composite Benchmarks
Chapter 3A: Benchmarks by Organization Size: Small
Chapter 3B: Benchmarks by Organization Size: Midsize
Chapter 3C: Benchmarks by Organization Size: Large

Industry Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 4: Process Manufacturing
Chapter 5: Discrete Manufacturing
Chapter 6: Banking and Finance
Chapter 7: Insurance
Chapter 8: Retail
Chapter 9: Wholesale Distribution
Chapter 10: Energy and Utilities
Chapter 11: Healthcare Services
Chapter 12: Professional and Technical Services
Chapter 13: Transportation and Logistics
Chapter 14: Construction and Trade Services
Chapter 15: IT Services and Solutions
Chapter 16: Government
Chapter 17: Nonprofits and Charitable Organizations
Chapter 18: Education
Chapter 19: Commercial Real Estate 
Chapter 20: Media and Information Services

Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 21: High-Tech
Chapter 22: Life Sciences
Chapter 23: Food and Beverage
Chapter 24: Chemicals
Chapter 25: Aerospace and Defense
Chapter 26: Industrial and Automotive
Chapter 27: Commercial Banking
Chapter 28: Brick-and-Mortar Retail
Chapter 29: Online Retailers
Chapter 30: Healthcare Payors
Chapter 31: Utilities
Chapter 32: Hospitals
Chapter 33: Professional Services
Chapter 34: Technical Services
Chapter 35: City and County Government
Chapter 36: Government Agencies
Chapter 37: Logistics
Chapter 38: Higher Education

European Companion Study

European IT Spending and Staffing Benchmarks

INTENDED AUDIENCE

For CIOs and consulting firms, this 38-chapter study provides key metrics and unbiased data for you to benchmark an organization’s total IT spending and staffing levels. This study will allow you to achieve the following outcomes:

• • Benchmark your IT operational spending levels. Compare them with those of organizations of similar size and industry sector. Over 20 specific IT cost management ratios and other IT support metrics are provided, such as IT budget as a percent of revenue and IT budget per employee/user, allowing IT executives to highlight opportunities to reduce IT costs, optimize IT expenses, and improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and governance of the IT organization.
  • Measure your IT capital budget spend levels. Nearly 20 specific IT capital budget metrics are provided to help stakeholders monitor IT investment levels relative to competitors.
  • Manage your IT staffing levels. Over 30 IT head count ratios are provided for benchmarking IT staff counts, measuring IT worker productivity, and achieving efficiency within the IT department.
  • Evaluate your IT key performance indicators (KPIs). Compare your IT intensity and infrastructure metrics with your peers, using measures such as percentage of the IT budget spending for running, growing, and transforming the business, custom/commercial software mix, users per network site and per printer, PCs per user, percentage of users with smartphones, data center OS mix, PC refresh rate, virtualization levels, outsourcing and managed services spending levels, use of cloud services, and other KPIs – all important factors in budgeting for IT.

For providers of IT products and services, this study provides valuable insights into the current IT budgeting priorities of corporate buyers and changes in levels of IT operational and capital spending. This study provides objective data based on our in-depth survey of IT decision makers. As such, it can be a valuable source of IT spending statistics to validate assumptions underlying IT solution provider business strategy, capabilities and competitive analysis, pricing strategies, and sales processes.

KEY METRICS DESCRIPTIONS

This section lists all the key metrics provided in the full report. All key metrics listed appear in Chapter 2 for the composite sample and in Chapters 3A, 3B, and 3C for small, midsize, and large organizations.

All key metrics are also provided in our industry sector and subsector chapters (Chapters 4–38), except those marked with an asterisk (*).

Demographics

In section 1, we describe the key characteristics of the sample to establish a basis for comparison with other IT organizations. These key metrics are as follows:

• • Organization size demographics, including revenue, employees, revenue per employee, and revenue per user
  • IT spending demographics, including total IT spending, IT capital spending, and IT outsourcing budget
  • IT infrastructure demographics, including number of data centers, network sites, and business applications
  • Key metrics of IT intensity, including ratio of users to employees, PCs per user, percentage of users with tablets, percentage of users with smartphones, users per network site, and percentage of application functionality from custom systems

Spending by Type

In section 2, we provide IT spending benchmarks by type of spending. These key metrics not only provide additional demographic information but also identify IT trends. They include:

• • Percentage of IT spending devoted to ongoing support
  • Percentage of IT budget spending for running, growing, and transforming the business
  • Outsourcing as percentage of IT budget
  • Percentage of IT spending outside IT budget
  • Cloud/subscription software as a percentage of application portfolio (*)

Budgeting Priorities

In section 3, we examine key budget priorities for IT organizations. These key metrics include:

• • Plans for IT outsourcing, showing the percentage of companies planning to increase, decrease, and maintain spending at about the same level (*)
  • Spending priorities by IT initiative, showing the net percentage of organizations planning to increase spending on business process automation, cloud applications, cloud infrastructure, IT shared services, data analytics/business intelligence, disaster recovery/business continuity, legacy systems modernization, systems/data integration, data center automation, and digital transformation
  • Spending priorities by budget area, showing the net percentage of organizations planning to increase spending on information security/privacy, IT personnel, business applications, data center, networking, and end-user technology (*)
  • The importance of lowering costs vs. improving service levels in the coming year (*)

Total IT Spending Metrics

Section 4 presents key metrics for IT spending, which includes current-year IT operational and capital spending, but excludes depreciation. These key metrics include:

• • Total IT spending as a percentage of revenue
  • Total IT spending per user
  • Total IT spending per PC
  • Budget categories as average percentage of total IT spending, including spending on personnel, business applications, data center hardware/software, energy/utilities, IT facilities/floor space, cloud infrastructure, network infrastructure, IT security, voice/data carrier expenses, PCs/end-user devices, printers/printing, and other expenses

IT Operational Spending Metrics

Section 5 presents key metrics for IT operational spending. These key metrics are as follows:

• • Percentage of organizations decreasing, maintaining, or increasing IT operational spending year over year (*)
  • IT operational budget percentage change from previous year (*)
  • Adequacy of current IT operational budget to support the business (*)
  • IT operational spending as a percentage of revenue
  • IT operational spending per user
  • IT operational spending per PC
  • Percentage of IT operational budget charged back to business units
  • Budget categories as average percentage of IT operational spending, including spending on personnel, business applications, data center hardware/software, energy/utilities, IT facilities/floor space, cloud infrastructure, network infrastructure, IT security, voice/data carrier fees, PCs/end-user devices, printers/printing, and other expenses
  • Personnel as a percentage of IT operational spending at the 25th percentile, median, and 75th percentile
  • Depreciation as a percentage of IT operational budget

Spending Outside the IT Budget

Section 6 provides an analysis of spending that occurs outside of the IT budget and a discussion on how we account for non-IT spending that sometimes appears in the IT budget.

IT Operational Spending per Tower

Section 7 provides an analysis on IT operational spending per tower. These towers are aligned with the Technology Business Management (TBM) taxonomy. Metrics include the percentage of IT operational spending in the IT management tower, business applications tower, data center tower, network tower, end-user tower, security and compliance tower, and delivery tower.

Capital Spending Metrics

Section 8 provides an analysis of IT capital spending, including:

• • Percentage of organizations decreasing, maintaining, or increasing IT capital spending (*)
  • IT capital budget change from prior year (*)
  • IT capital budget as a percentage of IT budget
  • Budget categories as average percentage of IT capital spending, including spending on personnel, business applications, data center hardware/software, energy/utilities, IT facilities/floor space, cloud infrastructure, network infrastructure, IT security, voice/data carrier fees, PCs/end-user devices, printers/printing, and other expenses

IT Staffing Metrics

In section 9, we provide key metrics and trend data on IT staffing, including:

• • Users per IT staff member
  • Percentage of organizations increasing, maintaining, and decreasing IT staff levels from previous year (*)
  • IT staff head count change from previous year (*)
  • IT staff turnover
  • Annual training allocation per IT employee
  • Contingency workers as percentage of IT staff
  • IT staff functions as average percentage of IT staff, including IT managers, IT finance/vendor management/procurement, project management, clerical/administrative support, application developers, business analysts, data management, quality assurance/testing, DevOps engineers, database administration, server support, network support, communications support, web/e-commerce, IT security, help desk (service desk), desktop support, documentation/training/process and standards, and other functions

Job Function Metrics

In section 10, we provide key benchmarks for seven job functions:

• • IT managers as a percentage of IT staff (*)
  • OS instances per server support staff member (*)
  • Network devices per network support staff member (*)
  • Applications per application developer (*)
  • PCs per desktop support staff member (*)
  • Users per help desk staff member (*)
  • Help desk tickets per end-user support staff member

Service Area Spending Metrics

Section 11 shows IT spending benchmarks by service area as a percentage of total IT spending. The service areas are IT management, business applications, data center, network, end-user computing, and security and compliance.

Business Application Metrics

Section 12 provides business application metrics, including:

• • Business application spending as percentage of IT operational spending
  • Business application spending per user

Data Center Metrics

Section 13 covers these data center spending and infrastructure metrics:

• • Processing workload by operating system, including IBM mainframe, Unix, Linux, IBM i (OS/400), Windows Server, and other
  • Percentage of processing workloads by location: on-premises/data center, managed services providers, and public cloud
  • Consolidated data center spending per user
  • Consolidated data center spending per physical server (*)
  • Data center hardware/software spending as a percentage of IT spending
  • Data center hardware/software spending per user
  • Energy/utilities as a percentage of IT spending (*)
  • Energy/utilities spending per user
  • Energy/utilities spending per physical server (*)
  • Cloud infrastructure services as a percentage of data center spending (*)
  • IT facilities/floor space as a percentage of IT spending (*)
  • IT facilities/floor space spending per user (*)
  • OS instances per physical server (*)
  • Users per physical server (*)

Network Metrics

Section 14 covers the following network metrics:

• • Consolidated network spending per user
  • Network infrastructure as a percentage of IT spending
  • Network infrastructure spending per user
  • Network spending per network site
  • IT security as a percentage of IT spending (*)
  • IT security spending per user (*)
  • Data/voice carrier spending as a percentage of IT spending (*)
  • Data/voice carrier spending per user (*)

End-User Computing Metrics

Section 15 covers the following end-user metrics:

• • Consolidated end-user technology spending per user
  • PCs/end-user devices as a percentage of IT spending
  • PCs/end-user device spending per user
  • Printer/printing as a percentage of IT spending (*)
  • Printer/printing spending per user (*)
  • Users per printer (*)

As noted above, in each chapter, the section on total IT spending and the section on IT operational budgets include a detailed analysis of IT budget line items as a percentage of the total. Line items include IT personnel, business applications, data center hardware/software, energy/utilities, IT facilities/floor space, cloud infrastructure, network infrastructure, IT security, voice/data carrier expenses, PCs/end-user devices, printers/printing, and other. An example of the presentation of this data is shown in Figure 1-15. Please note that the percentages shown here do not represent the actual data in the report, but are only provided to illustrate the format of the data presented.

As noted earlier, the staffing section of each chapter concludes with a breakdown of IT staffing ratios for 18 individual job positions, with each position provided as an average percentage of the total IT head count. IT workforce job positions include IT managers; IT finance/vendor managers; project managers; clerical/administration; application developers; business analysts; data management; quality assurance and testing; DevOps engineers; database administration; server support; network support; communications; web and e-commerce; security, help desk; desktop support; documentation, training, IT process/standards personnel; and other.

An example of the presentation of this data is shown in Figure 1-16. Please note once again that the percentages shown here do not represent the actual data in the report, but are only provided to illustrate the format of the data presented.

IT SPENDING AND STAFFING BENCHMARKS: CHAPTER DESCRIPTIONS

Chapter 1: Executive Summary (Free Download)

This chapter provides an overview of the key findings from the full study and describes the contents of the subsequent chapters. It also includes information on the study participants and the survey methodology.

• • IT operational budget change from prior year
  • Net percent increasing IT operational spending
  • IT operational spending growth by organization size
  • Adequacy of current IT operational budget to support the business
  • Total IT spending as percentage of revenue
  • IT operational spending per user
  • Change in IT operational budgets from prior year
  • Percentage of organizations changing IT capital spending
  • Capital budget as a percentage of IT spending
  • Spending priorities by IT initiative
  • Historical cloud subscription rates
  • Percentage of IT budget spending for running, growing, and transforming the business
  • Percentage of organizations changing IT staff head count

Chapter 2: Composite Benchmarks

This chapter provides composite metrics for all of the organizations surveyed, across all industry sectors and organization sizes. The key metrics provided in this chapter are listed in the Key Metrics Descriptions section above.

Chapters 3A, 3B, and 3C: Benchmarks by Organization Size

In these three chapters, we analyze each of our IT spending and staffing metrics by organization size. These chapters classify organization size differently than most classification schemes. We use the size of the IT operational budget, as revenue is not always a good indicator of the size of the IT operation. This enables IT organizations to compare themselves against similar-size IT organizations. We define the size categories as follows:

• • Chapter 3A: Benchmarks for Small Organizations

IT operational budgets less than $5 million

• • Chapter 3B: Benchmarks for Midsize Organization

IT operational budgets between $5 million and less than $25 million

• • Chapter 3C: Benchmarks for Large Organizations

IT operational budgets $25 million or greater

To avoid the problem of having very small organizations in our sample, we have excluded respondents with less than $50 million in annual revenue.

This year, to facilitate common definitions for IT cost data, we continue to align our metrics with the Technology Business Management (TBM) taxonomy. For more information, visit the TBM Council’s community website.

Chapter 4: Process Manufacturing Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 4 provides benchmarks for process manufacturers. Process manufacturers are defined as those where the production process adds value by mixing, separating, forming, or chemical reaction. The sector includes manufacturers of chemicals, petrochemicals, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, food and beverage products, cosmetics, building materials, packaging materials, steel, glass, paper products, and other process-manufactured goods. The 76 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to a maximum of $50 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 5: Discrete Manufacturing Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 5 provides benchmarks for discrete manufacturing organizations. Discrete manufacturers are defined as those where the production process adds value by fabricating or assembling individual (discrete) unit production. The category includes manufacturers of consumer products, athletic equipment, industrial equipment, telecommunications equipment, aerospace products, furniture, auto parts, electrical parts, medical devices, and electronic devices, among other products. The 59 respondents in this sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to over $100 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 6: Banking and Finance Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 6 provides benchmarks for banking and financial services companies. The firms in this sector include commercial banks, investment banks, credit unions, mortgage lenders, consumer finance lenders, and other types of lenders and financial services providers. The 30 respondents in this sector range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to over $40 billion in annual sales.

Chapter 7: Insurance Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 7 provides benchmarks for insurance companies. The firms in this sector include companies that sell medical and dental insurance, life insurance, property and casualty insurance, auto insurance, disability insurance, and other types of insurance. The 25 respondents in this sector range in size from a minimum of $100 million to over $100 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 8: Retail Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 8 provides benchmarks for retailers. This sector includes retailers of clothing, jewelry, hardware, furniture, sports equipment, groceries, pharmaceuticals, and general merchandise. They include department stores, fashion stores, furniture stores, pharmacies, convenience stores, sporting goods stores, and specialty retailers. We also include hospitality and consumer services in this sector. The 39 respondents in the sample range in size from $50 million to over $100 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 9: Wholesale Distribution Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 9 provides benchmarks for wholesale distributors. The category includes wholesale distributors of building products, home furnishings, home improvement products, auto parts, industrial components, fuel supply, electronics, food and beverage, and other products. The 31 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to $10 billion in revenue.

Chapter 10: Energy and Utilities Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 10 provides benchmarks for public utilities, oil and gas producers, service companies, and midstream distributors across all organization sizes. The 28 respondents in this sector include public utilities (water, gas, and electric), integrated energy companies, upstream exploration and production companies, natural gas companies, pipeline operators, and other energy and utilities companies. The companies in our sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to more than $60 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 11: Healthcare Services Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 11 provides benchmarks for healthcare services companies. The 48 respondents in this sector include community hospital groups, multiregional hospital systems, healthcare systems, dental service organizations, university hospitals, long-term care facilities, and other healthcare organizations. These organizations range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to $10 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 12: Professional and Technical Services Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 12 provides benchmarks for professional and technical services organizations. The 48 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to about $40 billion in annual revenue. The sector includes firms that provide professional and technical services, including engineering, legal, accounting, financial advice, consulting, marketing, research, and other services.

Chapter 13: Transportation and Logistics Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 13 provides benchmarks for the transportation and logistics sector. The 21 respondents in this sample range in size from a minimum of $55 million to over $40 billion. The category includes organizations that operate buses, trucks, railways, airlines, barges, and ships. The sector also includes logistics companies that transport goods and transportation companies as well as regional transportation authorities that move people.

Chapter 14: Construction and Trade Services Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 14 provides benchmarks for construction and trade services companies. The 30 respondents in the sample range in size from about $60 million to over $28 billion in annual revenue. The category includes engineering and construction companies, commercial, residential, and industrial construction contractors, specialty contractors, oil field services firms, firms that provide mining services, environmental services firms, and other construction and trade services firms.

Chapter 15: IT Services and Solutions Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 15 provides IT spending and staffing statistics for the IT services and solutions sector. The category includes software companies, software-as-a-service providers, systems integrators, IT solution providers, business process outsourcing firms, and other providers of IT services and solutions. There are 46 organizations in the sample, ranging in size from around $50 million to over $50 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 16: Government Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 16 provides benchmarks for government organizations. The 36 respondents in the sample range in size from about $44 million to $40 billion in annual revenue. The category includes city and county governments, federal and state agencies, law enforcement agencies, organizations that provide IT services to government agencies, and other government organizations.

Chapter 17: Nonprofits and Charitable Organizations Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 17 provides benchmarks for nonprofits and charitable organizations. The sector includes local and national charity organizations, conservation groups, youth development organizations, organizing bodies, and other nonprofit organizations. We do not include organizations where the nonprofit status only reflects the entity type, such as nonprofit hospitals, where for all intents and purposes they operate from an IT perspective in a way that is not significantly different from for-profit hospitals. The 25 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $31 million to $700 million in annual revenue.

Chapter 18: Education Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 18 provides benchmarks for the education sector. The sector includes public and private colleges and universities, business and medical schools, for-profit educational institutions, school districts, and foundations. The 28 respondents in the sample have annual revenues ranging in size from a minimum of about $50 million to around $8 billion.

Chapter 19: Commercial Real Estate Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 19 provides benchmarks for commercial real estate organizations. The 36 respondents in the sample range in size from about $50 million to over $4 billion in annual revenue. The sector includes retail, office, industrial, multifamily, and other property management companies, commercial real estate developers, real estate investment firms, and real estate brokers, consultants, and advisors.

Chapter 20: Media and Information Services Sector Benchmarks

Chapter 20 provides benchmarks for the media and information services sector. The sector includes publishing, broadcasting, entertainment, and digital media organizations, as well as other media and information services companies. The 14 respondents in the sample have annual revenues ranging in size from about $50 million to around $50 billion.

Chapter 21: High-Tech Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 21 provides benchmarks for high-tech companies. The category includes computer products manufacturers, telecommunications equipment manufacturers, semiconductor manufacturers, aerospace and defense manufacturers, pharmaceutical makers, biotechnology product makers, software developers, software-as-a-service providers, and other high-tech companies. The 26 respondents in this sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to over $30 billion in revenue.

Chapter 22: Life Sciences Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 22 provides benchmarks for life sciences companies. The category includes pharmaceutical makers, biotechnology product companies, and medical device manufacturers. The 16 respondents in this sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to over $40 billion in revenue.

Chapter 23: Food and Beverage Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 23 provides benchmarks for food and beverage manufacturers. The 31 respondents in the sample range in size from about $65 million to $40 billion in annual revenue. Food and beverage companies produce beverages, snack foods, meat products, seafood products, dairy products, dietary supplements, and other consumable food products. Some are suppliers to other food manufacturers or to the food service industry, while many also distribute consumer products to retailers or direct to consumers. This subsector does not include retailers of food and beverages, such as restaurants, unless they also manufacture their own food and beverage products.

Chapter 24: Chemicals Subsector Benchmarks 

Chapter 24 provides benchmarks for chemicals manufacturers. Chemicals manufacturers are by definition process manufacturers that produce chemical products. The sector includes manufacturers of chemicals, petrochemicals, and other chemical products. The 18 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to around $45 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 25: Aerospace and Defense Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 25 provides benchmarks for aerospace and defense companies. The category includes airplane and aerospace manufacturers, makers of weapons systems, aerospace and defense research, and other defense companies. The 17 respondents in this sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to around $20 billion in revenue.

Chapter 26: Industrial and Automotive Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 26 provides benchmarks for industrial and automotive manufacturers. The 32 respondents in this subsector make auto parts, material handling equipment, engines, machinery, vehicles, and similar durable goods. The manufacturers in the sample range in size from about $50 million to over $100 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 27: Commercial Banking Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 27 provides benchmarks for commercial banks. This subsector includes credit unions and community, regional, international, and national banks. The 20 respondents in this sample have annual revenue ranging from a minimum of about $50 million to over $40 billion.

Chapter 28: Brick-and-Mortar Retail Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 28 provides benchmarks for brick-and-mortar retailers. This subsector includes department stores, clothing stores, convenience stores, pet stores, pharmacies, hardware stores, nonprofit retailers, furniture retailers, agricultural retailers, and other retailers. The 26 respondents in this sample have annual revenue ranging from about $95 million to over $100 billion.

Chapter 29: Online Retail Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 29 provides benchmarks for online retailers. This subsector includes clothing retailers, home furnishing retailers, dietary supplements and health products retailers, agricultural retailers, pharmaceutical retailers, educational products retailers, sports equipment retailers, and other online retailers. The 20 respondents in this sample have annual revenue ranging from about $100 million to over $100 billion.

Chapter 30: Healthcare Payors Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 30 provides benchmarks for health insurance companies. The firms in this sector include companies that sell medical and dental insurance along with healthcare providers that also offer health insurance plans and function as healthcare payors. The 15 respondents in this sector range in size from a minimum of $100 million to over $100 billion in annual revenue.

Chapter 31: Utilities Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 31 provides benchmarks for utilities. The 20 respondents in this subsector range in size from $85 million to $100 billion in annual revenue. This category includes gas and electric utilities, power transmission distributors, water and power utilities, and telecommunications service providers.

Chapter 32: Hospitals Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 32 provides benchmarks for hospitals. The 34 respondents in this subsector range in size from $50 million to around $8 billion in annual revenue. This category includes community hospitals, university hospitals, nonprofit hospitals, health clinics, healthcare systems, and regional healthcare providers.

Chapter 33: Professional Services Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 33 provides benchmarks for professional services organizations. The 20 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to about $2 billion in annual revenue. The sector includes firms that provide professional services, including legal, accounting, financial advice, consulting, marketing, and other services.

Chapter 34: Technical Services Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 34 provides benchmarks for technical services organizations. The 25 respondents in the sample range in size from a minimum of about $50 million to about $3 billion in annual revenue. The sector includes firms that provide technical services, such as engineering, architectural, scientific, research, and other services.

Chapter 35: City and County Government Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 35 provides benchmarks for city and county governments. This chapter is concerned with the IT workings of city or county governments and not individual agencies within larger governments (which can be found in Chapter 36). The 19 respondents in this subsector have annual operating budgets ranging from $50 million to $1.2 billion.

Chapter 36: Government Agency Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 36 provides benchmarks for federal, state, and regional government agencies. The category includes public health agencies, courts and law enforcement agencies, organizations that provide IT services to government agencies, social service agencies, state parks, and other federal, state, and regional government units. The 21 respondents in the sample have operating budgets that range in size from about $62 million to about $40 billion.

Chapter 37: Logistics Subsector Benchmarks

Chapter 37 provides benchmarks for logistics providers. The 19 respondents in this sample range in size from $52 million to about $50 billion. The sector is comprised of logistics companies that transport goods, including refined petroleum distributors, national moving or courier companies, freight transportation companies, supply chain logistics providers, and other logistics companies.

Chapter 38: Higher Education Subsector Benchmarks
Chapter 38 provides benchmarks for higher-education institutions. The sector includes public and private colleges and universities, research universities, business and medical schools, and for-profit institutions. The 20 respondents in the sample have annual revenues ranging in size from about $50 million to about $8 billion.

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